ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 24
Computer Graphics, Image Processing, and Environmental Data Representation
September 2026
Scope
Area of Work:
Standardization relating to: computer graphics, image processing, virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality, environmental data representation, and visual presentation of and interaction with information
Excluded: efficient coding of multimedia
Working Groups
WG 6: Computer graphics and virtual reality
WG 7: Image processing and interchange
WG 8: Environmental representation
WG 9: Mixed and Augmented reality (MAR) continuum concepts and reference model
WG 10: Representation and visualization of information for systems integration
WG 11: Health, safety, security, and usability of augmented and virtual reality
JWG 12 (with ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 36): VR/AR/MR based ICT Integration Systems
JWG 16 with ISO/TC 184/SC 4 and ISO/TC 171/SC 2: Formats for visualization and other derived formats of product data
CAG: SC 24 Chair’s Advisory Group: Guidance to the SC 24 Chair between SC 24 Plenary meetings
AHG 1: Communications and outreach
AHG 2: Metaverse framework, architecture, and use cases
AHG 3: Metaverse reference and information models, and governance
History
SC 24 has been involved in developing and initiating the concept of formal cooperative agreements between the ISO and outside organizations that document agreed processes for joint development and evolution of ISO/IEC standards. Continued co-operation with the Web3D Consortium, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the NATO Air Group IV (NATO/AGIV) and U.S. Imagery Standards Management Committee (ISMC), US DoD (NITFS), the SEDRIS Organization, the Open GIS Consortium (OGC), and the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO). This work directly led to what is now the PAS (Publicly Available Specification) process in JTC 1 and to the ability to normatively reference non-ISO and/or IEC standards in ISO/IEC standards.
1974
A Graphic Standards Planning Committee (GSPC) was established by ACM SIGGRAPH in the United States
1976
The Seillac I workshop was established under the auspices of IFIP WG 5.2, 1976-05
Seillac I meeting marked the beginning of formal moves to achieve a set of standards for computer graphics by consensus among experts in the field
The activities initiated by Seillac I developed into the efforts of the ISO
1977
GSPS meeting held at CWI, Amsterdam, Holland, 1977-11
1978
GSPS meeting held, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1978-02
Computer graphics standards work took place in ISO/TC 97/SC 21/WG 2, where ISO/TC 97 was the technical committee that had responsibility for Information Processing Standards
The first formal meeting of WG 2 was held in Bologna, Italy in September 1978
The work of WG 2 focused on the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) that had been developed within the DIN (German NB) group
Paul ten Hagen of the Netherlands led the WG that was SC 24’s predecessor
1979
2nd Seillac meeting held, Domaine de Seillac, France, 1979-05
ISO standards meeting held, Budapest, Hungary, 1979-10
1980
ISO standards meeting held, Tiefenbach, Germany, 1980-06
1981
ISO standards meetings held, Melbourne, Florida, USA, 1981-01~02 and Wales and Windsor, England, 1981-09~10
1983
Jürgen Schonhut of Germany was appointed as SC 24 chair (until 1990)
1984
ISO standards meetings held, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1984-02 and Benodet, Brittany, France, 1984-06
1985
ISO standards meeting held, Oahu, Kauai, Maui, Hawaii, USA, 1985-06
The work of WG 2 resulted in GKS being published as ISO 7942, 1985-08-15
This marked the first ISO standard to be published for computer graphics programming
1986
ISO standards meetings held, Wales, England, 1986-09 and Saratoga Springs, New York, USA, 1986-10
1987
ISO standards meetings held, Camargue, Nice, Maritime Alps, France, 1987-05 and Berlin, Germany, 1987-12
JTC 1 succeeded ISO/TC 97, 1987-11
From then on, all computer graphics standards were assigned to JTC 1/SC 24
The first Plenary and Working Group meetings were held
ISO/TC 97/SC 21/WG 2 was assigned to SC 24, which was initially structured into five working groups
Working Group 1 on Architecture was established
Working Group 2 on Application Programming Interfaces was established
Working Group 3 on Metafiles and Interfaces was established
Working Group 4 on Language Bindings was established
Working Group 5 on Validation, Testing and Registration was established
GKS addressed only 2D functionality. As technical work on GKS (Graphical Kernel System) drew to a close, attention turned to the standardization of 3D graphics. Some experts moved to extend GKS to GKS-3D, while others moved to produce a new system, PHIGS (Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphical System). It was decided to proceed with both projects
ISO published the metafile standard, CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) Version 1
1988
SC 24 meetings held, Tucson, Arizona, USA, 1988-06~07
GKS-3D was published and addressed 3D functionality
ISO 8651-1:1988 GKS language bindings Part 1: FORTRAN was published
ISO 8651-2:1988 GKS language binding Part 2: Pascal was published
ISO 8651-3:1988 GKS language binding Part 3: Ada was published
ISO 8805:1988 GKS for Three Dimensions (GKS-3D) functional description was published
1989
SC 24 meetings held, Ilkley, England, 1989-03
SC 24 meetings held, Recife, Brazil, 1989-10
ISO/IEC 9592-1:1989 Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) was published and addressed 3D functionality
1990 – 1992
SC 24 meetings held, Gananoque and Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 1990-06
WG 2 and WG 3 were merged to form WG 6 (Computer Graphics)
WG 1 was disbanded since it had no projects and it was felt that there was no longer a need for an architecture group
The Imaging Rapporteur Group was reformed as WG 7 (Image Processing), which also took on the scope of work covered by WG 5
It was decided that language bindings should be assigned to the same WG as the main document, hence WG 4 was disbanded
ISO/IEC 8806-4:1991 Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions (GKS-3D) language bindings – Part 4: C was published
ISO/IEC 9593-1:1990 PHIGS language bindings Part 1: FORTRAN was published
ISO/IEC 9593-3:1990 PHIGS language bindings Part 3: ADA was published
Richard F. Puk (USA) was appointed as WG 6 Convenor
Barry Shepherd (USA) was appointed as SC 24 Chair
1991
5th SC 24 meetings held, East Anglia, England, 1991-04
ISO/IEC 9636-1 CGI (Computer Graphics Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices) Part 1: Overview, profiles, and conformance was published.
ISO/IEC 8806-4:1991 GKS-3D language bindings Part 4: C was published
ISO/IEC 9593-4:1991 PHIGS language bindings Part 4: C was published
ISO/IEC 9636-1:1991 Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) – Functional specification – Part 1: Overview, profiles, and conformance was published
ISO/IEC 9636-2:1991 Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) – Functional specification – Part 2: Control was published
ISO/IEC 9636-3:1991 Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) – Functional specification – Part 3: Output was published
ISO/IEC 9636-4:1991 Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) – Functional specification – Part 4: Segments was published
ISO/IEC 9636-5:1991 Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) – Functional specification – Part 5: Input and encoding was published
ISO/IEC 9636-6:1991 Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) – Functional specification – Part 6: Raster was published
1992
6th Plenary and WG meetings held, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1992-02, and Chiemsee, Bavaria, Germany, 1992-10
CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) was designated: ISO/IEC 8632/1-4: 1992
ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992 CGI Data stream binding Part 2: Binary encoding was published
ISO/IEC 11072:1992 Computer Graphics Reference Model was published
1993
7th Plenary and WG meetings held, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA, 1993-07
ISO/IEC 10641:1993 Conformance testing of implementations of graphics standards was published.
1994
8th Plenary and WG meetings held, Bordeaux, France, 1994-06
ISO/IEC 7942-1:1994 GKS (Graphical Kernel System) Part 1: Functional description was published
ISO/IEC 9637-1:1994 CGI Data stream binding Part 1: Character encoding was published
ISO/IEC 9638-3:1994 CGI Language bindings Part 3: Ada was published
ISO/IEC 9973:1994 Procedures for registration of graphical items was published
ISO/IEC 12087-2:1994 Image Processing and Interchange (IPI) Functional specification Part 2: Programmer’s imaging kernel system application programming interface was published
Barry Shepherd (USA) stood down as SC 24 Chair
Steve Carson (USA) was appointed as SC 24 Chair
1995
9th Plenary and WG meetings held, Ottawa, Canada, 1995-10
ISO/IEC 8651-4:1995 GKS language bindings Part 4: C was published
ISO/IEC 12087-1:1995 Image Processing and Interchange (IPI) Functional specification Part 1: Common architecture for imaging was published
ISO/IEC 12087-3:1995 IPI Functional specification Part 3: Image Interchange Facility (IIF) was published
ISO/IEC 12088-4:1995 IPI Application program interface language bindings was published
1996
10th Plenary and WG meeting held, Kyoto, Japan, 1996-06
1997
11th Plenary and WG meetings held, Kista, Sweden, 1997-05
ISO/IEC 7942-2:1997 GKS Part 2: NDC metafile was published
ISO/IEC 9592-1:1997 PHIGS Part 1: Functional description was published
ISO/IEC 9592-2:1997 PHIGS Part 2: Archive file format was published
ISO/IEC 9592-3:1997 PHIGS Part 3: Specification for clear-text encoding of archive file was published
ISO/IEC 12089:1997 Encoding for the Image Interchange Facility (IIF) was published
ISO/IEC 14772:1997 The Virtual Reality Modeling Language – Part 1: Functional specification and UTF-8 encoding was published
1998
12th Plenary and WG meetings held, Orlando, Florida, USA, 1998-07
ISO/IEC 7942-4:1998 GKS Part 4: Picture art archive was published
ISO/IEC 12087-5:1998 IPI Functional specification Part 5: Basic Image Interchange Format (BIIF) was published
ISO/IEC 14478-1:1998 Presentation Environment for Multimedia Objects (PREMO) Part 1: Fundamentals of PREMO was published
ISO/IEC 14478-2:1998 PREMO Part 2: Foundation Component was published
ISO/IEC 14478-3:1998 PREMO Part 3: Multimedia Systems Services was published
ISO/IEC 14478-4:1998 PREMO Part 4: Modeling, rendering and interaction component was published
1999
13th Plenary and WG meetings held, Seoul, Korea, 1999-06
ISO/IEC 7942-3:1999 GKS Part 3: Audit trail was published
ISO/IEC 8632-1:1999 Metafile for the storage and transfer of picture description information Part 1 Functional specification was published
ISO/IEC 8632-3:1999 Metafile for the storage and transfer of picture description information Part 3 Binary encoding was published
ISO/IEC 8632-4:1999 Metafile for the storage and transfer of picture description information Part 4 Clear text encoding was published
A new working group, WG 8, was formed to cover Environmental Data Representation and to take on responsibility for developing the SEDRIS set of standards
2000
14th Plenary and WG meetings held, Paris, France, 2000-07
2nd WG8 meeting held, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2000-01
3rd WG8 meeting held, Hague, Netherlands, 2000-04
5th WG8 meeting held, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2000-11
Jack Cogman (UK) was appointed as WG 8 Convenor
Steve Carson (USA) stood down as SC24 Chair
2001
15th Plenary and WG meetings held, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA, 2001-06
6th WG8 meeting held, U. of Stuttgart, Germany, 2001-02~03
8th WG8 meeting held, Palm Springs, CA, USA, 2001-08
9th WG8 meeting held, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2001-11.
Laura Moore (USA) was appointed as SC 24 Chair.
2002
16th Plenary and WG meetings held, London, UK, 2002-06
P member countries present: Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, and United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium
10th WG8 meeting held, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, 2002-02
11th WG8 meeting held, Cochem, Germany, 2002-04
13th WG8 meeting held, Orlando, Florida, 2002-12
Two ISs were progressed: VRML EAI and VRML Interoperability Enhancements (WG6)
SC24 Chair: Laura Moore (USA), SC24 Secretariat: Jean Stride (UK)
Convenors: Richard F. Puk (WG6, USA), G. McBroome (WG 7, US), Jack Cogman (WG 8, UK)
HoDs: Koreaki Fujimura (Japan), Ha-Jine Kimn (Korea), Martin Smith (UK), and Rob Cox (USA)
Liaison Officers: Paul Berner and Farid Mamaghani (SEDRIS Organization), Martin Reddy (Web3D Consortium), Charles Roswell (ISO/TC211)
2003
16th Plenary and WG meetings held, Jeju, Korea, 2003-06
P member countries present: Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, and United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium
14th WG8 meeting held, Stuttgart, Germany, 2003-04
16th WG8 meeting held, Orlando, Florida, 2003-12
Richard F. Puk (USA) was re-appointed as WG6 Convenor, S. Kerr (USA) as WG7 Convenor subject to approval by the US National Body, and J. Cogman (UK) as WG8 Convenor
David Hyde (BSI, UK) was appointed as SC24 Secretariat
Stephen Kerr (USA) was appointed as WG 7 Convenor
New HoD: Ha-Jine Kimn (Korea)
New Liaison Officer: Don Brutzman (Web3D Consortium)
2004
18th Plenary and WG meetings held, Breckenridge, Colorado, USA, 2004-07
P member countries present: Japan, Republic of Korea, Germany, United Kingdom, and United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization
Seventeenth WG8 meeting held, Crawley, UK, 2004-01~02
Nineteenth WG8 meeting held, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA, 2004-11
ISO/IEC 14472-2:2004 The Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) – Part 2: External authoring interface was published
ISO/IEC 19775-1: 2004 X3D architecture and base components was published, 2004-11
ISO/IEC 19775-2: 2004 X3D scene access interface was published, 2004-11
ISO/IEC 15948:2004 Portable Network Graphics (PNG): Functional specification was published
Ha-Jine Kimn (Korea) was approved and appointed as SC24 Chair, 2004-11.
Jose Alcorta (BSI, UK) was appointed as SC24 Secretariat
New HoDs: Douglas O’Brien (Canada), Ingolf Grieger (Germany)
2005
19th Plenary and WG meetings held, Sydney, Australia, 2005-02 – 03
P member countries present: Australia, Germany, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, and United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium
20th WG8 meeting held, Berlin, Germany, 2005-01
ISO/IEC 18025 EDCS (Environmental Data Coding Specification) was published, 2005-05
ISO/IEC 18041-4:2005 EDCS Language Binding Part 4: C was published, 2005-07
ISO/IEC 19776-1: 2005 X3D encodings XML was published, 2005-04
ISO/IEC 19776-2: 2005 X3D encodings Classic VRML was published, 2005-03
SC24 Chair: Ha-Jine Kimn (Korea), SC24 Secretariat: Jose Alcorta (UK)
New HoDs: Chris Body (Australia), Yun Koo Chung (Korea), and Laura Moore (USA)
New Liaison Officer: Justin Couch (Web3D Consortium)
2006
20th Plenary and WG meetings held, Prague, Czech Republic, 2006-06
P member countries present: Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Germany, United Kingdom, and United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium
ISO/IEC 18023-1:2006 SEDRIS Functional Specification was published, 2006-05
ISO/IEC 18023-2:2006 SEDRIS Transmittal Format was published, 2006-06
ISO/IEC 18023-3:2006 SEDRIS Transmittal Format – Binary Encoding was published, 2006-06
ISO/IEC 18024-4:2006 SEDRIS Language Binding Part 4 : C was published, 2006-05
ISO/IEC 18026 Spatial Reference Model (SRM) was published, 2006-06
ISO/IEC 18042-4 Spatial Reference Model (SRM) Language Bindings, Part 4: C was published, 2006-07
ISO/IEC 19774 Humanoid Animation (H-Anim) was published, 2006-05
ISO/IEC 19777-1: 2006 Extensible 3D (X3D) language bindings – Part 1: ECMAScript was published, 2006-05
ISO/IEC 19777-2: 2006 Extensible 3D (X3D) language bindings – Part 3: Java was published, 2006-05
ISO/IEC 9973 Procedures of the Register of items Edition 2 was published, 2006-09
New HoD: Olga Honcova (Czech Republic)
New Liaison Officer: Sandy Ressler (Web3D Consortium)
2007
21st Plenary and WG meetings held, Tokyo, Japan, 2007-07
P member countries present: Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Germany, United Kingdom, and United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium
ISO/IEC 19776-3:2007 Extensible 3D (X3D) encodings – Part 3: Compressed binary encoding was published, 2007-10.
ISO/IEC 18041-4:2007 EDCS Language Bindings, Part 4: C Ed. 2 was published, 2007-08.
Yun Koo Chung (Korea) was appointed as WG7 Convenor
Cooperation with ISO TC 184/SC 4
New HoDs: Masaki Aono (Japan), Myeong Won Lee (Korea)
2008
22nd Plenary and WG meetings held, Monterey, California, USA, 2008-07
P member countries present: Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Germany, United Kingdom, and United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium, ISO/TC211
ISO/IEC 19775-1:2008 V3.2 Extensible 3D (X3D) – Part 1: Architecture and base components was published, 2008-06
ISO/IEC 19776-2:2008 V3.2 Extensible 3D (X3D) encodings – Part 2: Classic VRML was published, 2008-11
David Hyde (BSI, UK) joined as SC24 Secretary
Liaison between Web3D Consortium and TC211
New Liaison Officer: Mike Leite (ISO/TC211)
2009
23rd Plenary and WG meetings held, London, UK, 2009-07
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, ISO/TC 211
ISO/IEC 18026:2009 Spatial Reference Model (SRM) was published
New HoDs: Dongmei Xu (China) and Louis Hembree (USA)
2010
24th Plenary and WG meetings held, Busan, Korea, 2010-06 – 07
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization
ISO/IEC 19775-2: 2010 V3.2 Extensible 3D (X3D) – Part 2: Scene access interface Edition 2 was published
The Livelink server was used to provide open access to the SC24 registry of items
New HoD: Peter Ryan (Australia)
2011
25th Plenary and WG meetings held, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA, 2011-08
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium, OGC, ISO/TC 211
ISO/IEC 19776-3: 2011 Extensible 3D (X3D) encodings – Part 3: Compressed binary encoding (V3.2) was published
SC24 was reorganized to emphasize VR/AR/MR: a new title was adopted to reflect computer graphics, image processing, environmental data representation, and the physical world to virtual world continuum
SC24 scope was described as standardization of interfaces for information technology based applications relating to: computer graphics, image processing, virtual reality/augmented reality/mixed reality, environmental data representation, and interaction with, and visual presentation of, information
A new Working Group, WG9 for Augmented Reality/Mixed Reality was created, and Gerard J. Kim (Korea) was appointed as Convenor
2012
26th Plenary and WG meetings held, Brussels, Belgium, 2012-08
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium
Cooperation with ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11
Charles Whitlock (BSI) was appointed as SC24 Secretariat
New HoD: Tangli Liu (China)
2013
27th Plenary and WG meetings held, Sydney, Australia, 2013-08
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium, ISO/TC 211
ISO/IEC 9973:2013 Procedures for registration of items was published
ISO/IEC 19775-1:2013 X3D Architecture Ed. 3 was published, 2013-11
Mixed and augmented reality relationship with ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
Recognition of technological contributors
New HoDs: Cong Wang (China) and Kwan-Hee Yoo (Korea)
2014
28th Plenary and WG meetings held, Seattle, WA, USA, 2014-08
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium
ISO/IEC 18025:2014 Environmental Data Coding Specification (EDCS) was published
Proper access to review of standards impinging on the scope of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 24
Continuation of the SC 24/SC 29 Joint Ad Hoc Group (JAhG)
2015
29th Plenary and WG meetings held, London, UK, 2015-08
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America, France
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium
ISO/IEC 19775-2:2015 V3.3 X3D Abstract Scene Access Interface (SAI) was published.
ISO/IEC 19776-1:2015 V3.3 Extensible 3D (X3D) encodings – Part 1: Extensible Markup Language (XML) encodings was published
ISO/IEC 19776-2:2015 V3.3 Extensible 3D (X3D) encodings – Part 2: ClassicVRML encoding was published
ISO/IEC 19776-3:2015 V3.3 Extensible 3D (X3D) encodings – Part 3: Compressed binary encoding was published
Confirmation of importance of ISO IPR policy with ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11
Ha-Jine Kimn (Korea) stood down as SC 24 Chair
2016
30th Plenary and WG meetings held, Beijing, China, 2016-08
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization
ISO/IEC 18041-4:2016 Environmental Data Coding Specification (EDCS) language bindings – Part 4: C was published
Myeong Won Lee (Korea) was appointed as SC24 Chair (Acting)
New HoD: Michael Larry Beck (USA)
2017
31st Plenary and WG meetings held, Arlington, VA, USA, 2017-08
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America, France
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium, OGC
New HoD: Bill Protzman (USA)
Myeong Won Lee (Korea) was appointed as SC24 Chair (2017-2019)
Yun Koo Chung (Korea) stood down as WG7 Convenor
A study group for Visualization for Systems Integration was created. Peter Ryan (Australia) was appointed as Convenor
2018
32nd Plenary and WG meetings held, Toulouse, France, 2018-08
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, France, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium, OGC, TC184/SC4, ISO/TC 211
JWG16 with TC184/SC4, “Formats for visualization and other derived forms of product data”, was created. Christophe Mouton (France, member of SC 24 and Web3D Consortium) was appointed as co-Convenor.
Acting Convenor of 2018 WG7 meeting: Bill Protzman(USA)
Cong Wang (China) was appointed as new Acting Convenor for WG7 at the 2018 SC24 Plenary meeting.
2019
33rd Plenary and WG meetings held, Takamatsu, Japan, 2019-08
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, France, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium, TC184/SC4, Khronos Group
ISO/IEC 18039 Mixed and augmented reality (MAR) was published
ISO/IEC 18040 Live actor and entity representation in mixed and augmented reality (MAR) was published
ISO/IEC 18520 Benchmarking of vision-based spatial registration and tracking methods for mixed and augmented reality (MAR)
ISO/IEC 19774-1 Humanoid Animation (HAnim) – Part 1: Architecture
ISO/IEC 19774-2 Humanoid Animation (HAnim) – Part 2: Motion data animation
Khronos Group joined with SC 24 as a Category A Liaison organization
Myeong Won Lee (Korea) was re-appointed as SC 24 Chair (2020-2022)
2020
34th Plenary and WG meetings held, online (Zoom), 2020.07.27 – 2020.08.17 UTC
P member countries present: Australia, Japan, France, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium, Open Geospatial Consortium, TC184/SC4, Khronos Group
ISO/IEC 18038 Sensor representation in mixed and augmented reality was published
Jason S. Smith (USA) was appointed as Acting Convenor of WG 7
Jack Cogman stood down as Convenor of WG 8
Farid Mamaghani (USA) was appointed as Acting Convenor of WG 8
A new working group, WG 10 on Representation and Visualization of Information for Systems Integration was created, and Peter Ryan (Australia) was appointed as Acting Convenor
A new working group, WG 11 on Health, Safety, Security, and Usability for AR/VR was created, and Gary Smith (UK) was appointed as Acting Convenor
2021
35th Plenary and WG meetings held, online (Zoom), 2021.07.12 – 2021.08.04 UTC
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium, ISO/TC 184/SC 4, Khronos Group
New HoD present: Hongliang Zhao (China)
SC 24 Committee Manager, Charles Whitlock (BSI), has been re-assigned to other duties within BSI and so Jean Stride (BSI) was assigned as new SC 24 Committee Manager
Jason S. Smith (USA) was appointed as Convenor of WG 7
Farid Mamaghani (SEDRIS Organization) was appointed as Convenor of WG 8
Peter Ryan (Australia) was appointed as Convenor of WG 10
Fridolin Wild (UK) was appointed as Convenor of WG 11
AG 1, Study Group on visualization for systems integration was disbanded.
SC 24 Chair’s Advisory Group (CAG) was established.
2022
36th Plenary and WG meetings held online, 2022.07.12 – 2022.08.04
Draft resolutions issued as SC 24 N4804
P member countries present: Australia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
New HoD present – Nakhoon Baek (Republic of Korea
Professor Myeong Won Lee proposed for a 3rd term as SC 24 Chair
Liaison organizations present: SEDRIS Organization, Web3D Consortium, ISO/TC 184/SC 4, Khronos Group
WG 9 title changed to “Mixed and Augmented reality (MAR) continuum concepts and reference model.”
Appointment of Mr Takeshi Kurata (Japan) as WG 9 Convenor
2023
37th Plenary and WG meetings held in Sydney, Australia, 2023.07.10-4
Draft Resolution issued as SC 24 N4965
P member countries present: Australia, China, France, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America
Liaisons present: SEDRIS, Web3D, ISO/TC 184/SC 4. IEC/TC 100, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 36
New Category A Liaison established with Virtual Dimension Center (VDC)
Appointment of Mr Doug Stapleton as WG 11 Convenor
Active participation by new P Member, France, represented by Head of Delegation, Mr Yann Derweduwen and Mr Leo Guichard of AFNOR
2024
38th Plenary and WG meetings held in Paris, France, 2024.06.24 -28 June 2024
Approved resolutions issued as SC 24 N5131
P members present: Australian, China, France, Japan, Republic of Korea, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States of America
New HoD Present – Jieqi Zeng
Liaisons present: SEDRIS, Web3D, VDC, ISO/TC 184/SC 4. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 36 and ISO/TC 215
2025
39th Plenary and WG Meetings held in Alexandria, USA, 7 – 11 July 2025 – approved resolutions issued as SC 24 N5308.
P members participating: Australian, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom and United States of America
Liaisons present: SEDRIS, Web3D, VDC, ISO/TC 184/SC 4 and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 36.
Published:
ISO/IEC 9234:2025 Information technology — Information modelling for virtual, augmented and mixed reality based education and training systems
ISO/IEC 12087-5:2025 Information technology — Image processing and interchange (IPI) functional specification — Part 5: Basic image interchange format (BIIF)
ISO/IEC TR 16088:2025 Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and environmental representation — Constructs for visual positioning systems in mixed and augmented reality (MAR)
ISO/IEC 18026:2025 Information technology — Spatial reference model (SRM)
ISO/IEC 19777-3:2025 Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation — Extensible 3D (X3D) language bindings — Part 3: C
ISO/IEC 19777-4:2025 Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation — Extensible 3D (X3D) language bindings — Part 4: C++
ISO/IEC 19777-5:2025 Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation— Extensible 3D (X3D) language bindings — Part 5: C#
The following new groups were established:
- AHG 1: Communication and Outreach
- AHG 2: Metaverse framework, architecture, and use cases
- AHG 3: Metaverse reference and information models, and governance
Dr Myeong Won Lee stepped down as SC 24 Chair at the end of 2025 after completing three terms.
2026
40th Plenary and WG Meetings held in Seoul, Korea, 13 – 17 July 2025 – approved resolutions issued as SC 24 N 5530
P members participating: Australian, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom and United States of America
Liaisons present: SEDRIS, Web3D, Khronos Group, Metaverse Standards Forum, VDC, ISO/TC 184/SC 4, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27 and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 36
Published:
ISO/IEC 21134:2026 Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation — Benchmarking of integrated indoor localization and tracking methods using dead reckoning
New Work initiated in the following areas:
- ISO/IEC AWI TR 26864: Standardization Needs Analysis for Digital Humans
- ISO/IEC AWI TR 26941: Data Identification and Resolution for Cultural Metaverse Model
- ISO/IEC AWI TR 26942: Metaverse – Digital Content Generation Capability Evaluation Model
Dr Takeshi Kurata was appointed as SC 24 Acting Chair for 2026 and SC 24 Chair for 2027-2028
New Convenor: Dr Ryosuke Ichikari (WG 9), Ms Yiden Geng (WG 11)
New HoD: Dr Ryosuke Ichikari (Japan)
Mr Doug Stapleton stood down as WG 11 Convenor